Create, add files to, or extract files from an archive file in gnutar format, called a tarfile. Tape ARchiver; manipulate "tar" archive files.
Syntax
tar [[-]function] [options] filenames...
tar [[-]function] [options] -C directory-name...
Command-line arguments that specify files to add to, extract from,
or list from an archive may be given as shell pattern matching strings.
FUNCTIONS
Exactly one of the following functions must be specified.
(append, create, difference, replace, table of contents, update, and extract)
-A
--catenate
--concatenate Append the contents of named file, which must itself be a
gnutar archive, to the end of the archive (erasing the old
end-of-archive block). This has the effect of adding the
files contained in the named file to the first archive,
rather than adding the second archive as an element of the
first. Note: This option requires a rewritable tarfile,
and therefore does not work on quarter-inch cartridge
tapes. (see notes below)
-c
--create Create a new archive (or truncates an old one) and writes
the named files to it.
-d
--diff
--compare Find differences between files in the archive and corre-
sponding files in the file system.
--delete Delete named files from the archive. (Does not work on
quarter-inch tapes).
-r
--append Append files to the end of an archive. (Does not work on
quarter-inch tapes).
-t
--list List the contents of an archive; if filename arguments are
given, only those files are listed, otherwise the entire
table of contents is listed.
-u
--update Append the named files if the on-disk version has a modi-
fication date more recent than their copy in the archive
(if any). Does not work on quarter-inch tapes.
-x
--extract
--get Extract files from an archive. The owner, modification
time, and file permissions are restored, if possible. If
no file arguments are given, extract all the files in the
archive. If a filename argument matches the name of a
directory on the tape, that directory and its contents are
extracted (as well as all directories under that direc-
tory). If the archive contains multiple entries corre-
sponding to the same file (see the --append command
above), the last one extracted will overwrite all earlier
versions.
You can specify an argument for the `--file=ARCHIVE-NAME' (`-f ARCHIVE-NAME') option whenever you use `tar'; this option determines the name of the archive file that `tar' will work on.
If you don't specify this argument, then `tar' will use a default, usually some physical tape drive attached to your machine. If there is no tape drive attached, or the default is not meaningful, then `tar' will print an error message. The error message might look roughly like one of the following:
tar: can't open /dev/rmt8 : No such device or address
tar: can't open /dev/rsmt0 : I/O error
To avoid confusion, we recommend that you always specify an archive file name by using `--file=ARCHIVE-NAME' (`-f ARCHIVE-NAME') when writing your `tar' commands.
--verbose' (`-v') shows details about the results of running `tar'.
This can be especially useful when the results might not be obvious. For example, if you want to see the progress of `tar' as it writes files into the archive, you can use the `--verbose' option. In the beginning, you may find it useful to use `--verbose' at all times; when you are more accustomed to `tar', you will likely want to use it at certain times but not at others.
Sometimes, a single instance of `--verbose' on the command line will show a full, `ls' style listing of an archive or files, giving sizes, owners, and similar information. Other times, `--verbose' will only show files or members that the particular operation is operating on at the time. In the latter case, you can use `--verbose' twice in a command to get a listing such as that in the former case.
Options
The other options to gnutar may be combined arbitrarily; single-letter options may be bundled in with the command word. Verbose options which take arguments will be followed by the argument; single-letter options will consume successive command line arguments (see the EXAMPLES below).
gnutar will properly handle option arguments passed either with or without a leading `=` (i.e. either --option=arg or --option arg).
--help Prints a message listing and briefly describing
all the command options to gnutar.
--atime-preserve Restore the access times on files which are writ-
ten to tape (note that this will change the
inode-change time!).
-b
--block-size number
--blocking-factor number
--record-size size Sets the block size for reading or writing to
number * 512-byte blocks. Or sets block size for
reading or writing to size bytes which must be a
multiple of 512.
-B
--read-full-records Re-assemble short reads into full records (for
reading 4.2BSD pipes).
--backup control Backup files before removal. Optionally, the
user can specify a control argument to control
how gnutar performs the backups. Supported val-
ues are listed bellow in the ENVIRONMENT section.
--suffix suffix Backup files before removal. Override the normal
backup suffix (default: '~'), using suffix
instead.
-C directory
--directory directory Change to directory before processing the remain-
ing arguments. (see notes below)
--checkpoint Print number of buffer reads/writes while read-
ing/writing the archive.
-f [hostname:]file
--file [hostname:]file Read or write the specified file (default is
/dev/sa0). If a hostname is specified, gnutar
will use rmt(8) to read or write the specified
file on a remote machine. `-' may be used as a
filename, for reading or writing to/from
stdin/stdout.
--force-local Archive file is local even if it has a colon.
-F file
--info-script file
--new-volume-script file
Run a script at the end of each archive volume
(implies -M).
-G
--incremental Create/list/extract old GNU-format incremental
backup.
-g file
--listed-incremental file
Create/list/extract new GNU-format incremental
backup.
--group name Force group as group for added files.
-h
--dereference Don't write symlinks as symlinks; write the data
of the files they name.
-i
--ignore-zeros Ignore blocks of zeroes in archive (usually means
End-Of-File).
--ignore-failed-read Don't exit with non-zero status on unreadable
files.
-j
--bzip2 Filter the archive through bzip2(1).
-k
--keep-old-files Keep files which already exist on disk; don't
overwrite them from the archive.
-K file
--starting-file file Begin at file in the archive.
-l
--one-file-system Stay in local file system when creating an
archive (do not cross mount points).
-L number
--tape-length number Change tapes after writing number * 1024 bytes.
--mode changes Force changes to file mode of added files.
-m
--modification-time Don't extract file modified time.
-M
--multi-volume Create/list/extract multi-volume archive.
--no-recursion Don't recurse into subdirectories when creating.
--volno-file file File name with volume number to start with.
-N date
--after-date date
--newer date Only store files with creation time newer than
date.
--newer-mtime date Only store files with modification time newer
than date.
--no-same-owner Do not preserve ownership when extracting files.
Extract them all as owned by the current user.
--no-same-permissions Do not extract permission information. Extract
them using the default permissions for the cur-
rent user.
--numeric-owner Use numbers instead of names for owner/group
names.
-o
--old-archive
--portability Write a V7 format archive, rather than POSIX for-
mat.
-O
--to-stdout Extract files to standard output.
--owner name Force name as owner for added files.
--overwrite Overwrite existing files when extracting.
--overwrite-dir Overwrite directory metadata when extracting.
-p
--same-permissions
--preserve-permissions Extract all permission information.
--preserve Has the effect of -p -s.
-P
--absolute-names Don't strip leading `/' from file names.
--posix Instructs gnutar to create a POSIX compliant
`tar' archive.
-R
--block-number Show record number within archive with each mes-
sage.
--remove-files Remove files after adding them to the archive.
--rsh-command command Use command instead of rsh for remote
archives/files.
-s
--same-order
--preserve-order List of names to extract is sorted to match
archive.
--same-owner Try to preserve ownership when extracting files.
--show-omitted-dirs Show directories which were omitted while pro-
cessing the archive.
-S
--sparse Handle `sparse' files efficiently.
-T file
--files-from file Get names of files to extract or create from
file, one per line.
--null Modifies behavior of -T to expect null-terminated
names; disables -C.
--totals Prints total bytes written with --create.
-U
--unlink-first Unlink files before creating them.
--recursive-unlink Empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory.
-v
--verbose Lists files written to archive with --create or
extracted with --extract; lists file protection
information along with file names with --list.
-V volume-name
--label volume-name Create archive with the given volume-name. When
used with list or extract, volume-name is used as
a globing pattern.
--version Print gnutar program version number.
-w
--interactive
--confirmation Ask for confirmation for every action.
-W
--verify Attempt to verify the archive after writing it.
--exclude pattern Exclude files matching the pattern (don't extract
them, don't add them, don't list them).
-X file
--exclude-from file Exclude files listed in file.
--anchored Exclude patterns match file name start (default).
--no-anchored Exclude patterns match after any /.
--ignore-case Exclude patterns ignore case.
--no-ignore-case Exclude patterns are case sensitive (default).
--wildcards Exclude patterns use wildcards (default).
--no-wildcards Exclude patterns are plain strings.
--wildcards-match-slash
Exclude pattern wildcards match '/' (default).
--no-wildcards-match-slash
Exclude pattern wildcards do not match '/'.
-Z
--compress
--uncompress Filter the archive through compress(1).
-z
--gzip
--ungzip
--gunzip Filter the archive through gzip(1).
--use-compress-program program
Filter the archive through program (which must
accept -d to mean `decompress').
-[0-7][lmh] Specify tape drive and density.
Examples
To tar and zip a file
tar -czvf MyArchive.tgz Source_file or in full tar --create --gzip --verbose --file=MyArchive.tgz Source_file
To tar a folder (with all sub-folders and files)
tar czf /volumes/myexternaldrive/backup01.tgz myfolder
The reverse process to extract the file
tar -xzvf MyArchive.tgz Source_file
or
tar --extract --gunzip --verbose --file=MyArchive.tgz Source_file
tar xzvf /volumes/myexternaldrive/backup01.tgz myfolder/subfolder/thefiletorestore
To extract all the C sources and headers from an archive named
backup.tar, type
tar xf backup.tar '*.[ch]'
Note that the pattern must be quoted to prevent the shell from attempting
to expand it according the files in the current working directory (the
shell does not have access to the list of files in the archive, of
course).
To move file hierarchies, use a command line like this:
tar -cf - -C srcdir . | tar xpf - -C destdir
To create a compressed archive on diskette, using gzip(1), use a command-
line like
tar --block-compress -z -c -v -f /dev/fd1a -b 36 tar/
Note that you cannot mix bundled flags and --style flags; you can use
single-letter flags in the manner above, rather than having to type
tar --block-compress --gzip --verbose --file /dev/fd1a --block-size
20 tar/
The above-created diskette can be listed with
tar tvfbz /dev/fd1a 36
To join two gnutar archives into a single archive, use
tar Af archive1.tar archive2.tar
which will add the files contained in archive2.tar onto the end of
archive1.tar (note that this can't be done by simply typing
cat archive2.tar >> archive1.tar
because of the end-of-file block at the end of a gnutar archive).
To archive all files from the directory srcdir, which were modified after
Feb. 9th 1997, 13:00 h, use
tar -c -f backup.tar --newer-mtime 'Feb 9 13:15 1997' srcdir/
Other possible time specifications are `02/09/97 13:15', `1997-02-09
13:15', `13:15 9 Feb 1997', `9 Feb 1997 13:15', `Feb. 9, 1997 1:15pm',
`09-Feb', `3 weeks ago' or `May first Sunday'. To specify the correct
time zone use either e.g. `13:15 CEST' or `13:15+200'.
Notes
Always tar -t before tar -x to check if the archive contents have been placed inside one subdirectory or will just spill all over the current directory.
The -C feature does not work like historical gnutar programs, and is probably untrustworthy.
The -A command should work to join an arbitrary number of gnutar archives together, but it does not; attempting to do so leaves the end-of-archive blocks in place for the second and subsequent archives.
The gnutar file format is a semi fixed width field format, and the field for device numbers were designed for 16 bit (8 major, 8 minor) and can not absorb our 32 bit (8 major, 16+8 minor) numbers.
Environment Variables
POSIXLY_CORRECT Normally, gnutar will process flag arguments that appear
in the file list. If set in the environment, this
causes gnutar to consider the first non-flag argument to
terminate flag processing, as per the POSIX specification.
SHELL In interactive mode, a permissible response to the
prompt is to request to spawn a subshell, which will be
/bin/sh unless the SHELL variable is set.
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
Sets the backup suffix used by gnutar. Default is '~'.
TAPE Changes gnutar's default tape drive /dev/sa0 (which is still
overridden by the -f flag).
TAR_OPTIONS The environment variable TAR_OPTIONS can hold a set of
default options for gnutar. These options are inter-
preted first and can be overwritten by explicit command
line parameters.
TAR_RSH The TAR_RSH environment variable allows you to override
the default shell used as the transport for gnutar.
VERSION_CONTROL Sets the backup method used by gnutar. Possible values:
t, numbered Make numbered backups
nil, existing Numbered if numbered backups exist,
simple otherwise
never, simple Always make simple backups
Default behaviour is 'existing'.
"Of all forms of caution, caution in love is perhaps the most fatal to true happiness" - Bertrand Russell
Related:
tar man page - Apple.com
bzip2(1)
compress - compress and expand data
gzip - Compress or decompress files
pax(1)
rmt - remote magtape protocol module
info tar
